This charge commensurability, "charge quantization", has partially motivated Grand unified Theories. For this reason, either 1 e or 1 / 3 e can be justifiably considered to be "the quantum of charge", depending on the context. However, quarks cannot be isolated they exist only in groupings, and stable groupings of quarks (such as a proton, which consists of three quarks) all have charges that are integer multiples of e. Quarks, first posited in the 1960s, have quantized charge, but the charge is quantized into multiples of 1 / 3 e.There are two known sorts of exceptions to the indivisibility of the elementary charge: quarks and quasiparticles. This is the reason for the terminology "elementary charge": it is meant to imply that it is an indivisible unit of charge. (There may be exceptions to this statement, depending on how "object" is defined see below.) Thus, an object's charge can be exactly 0 e, or exactly 1 e, −1 e, 2 e, etc., but not 1 / 2 e, or −3.8 e, etc. In some other natural unit systems the unit of charge is defined as √ ε 0 ħc, with the result that e = √ 4 πα √ ε 0 ħc ≈ 0.30282212088 √ ε 0 ħc, where α is the fine-structure constant, c is the speed of light, ε 0 is the electric constant, and ħ is the reduced Planck constant.Ĭharge quantization is the principle that the charge of any object is an integer multiple of the elementary charge. However, the unit of energy electronvolt reminds us that the elementary charge was once called electron. Later, the name electron was assigned to the particle and the unit of charge e lost its name. At the time, the particle we now call the electron was not yet discovered and the difference between the particle electron and the unit of charge electron was still blurred. Later, he proposed the name electron for this unit. The use of elementary charge as a unit was promoted by George Johnstone Stoney in 1874 for the first system of natural units, called Stoney units. In some natural unit systems, such as the system of atomic units, e functions as the unit of electric charge. See also: 2019 redefinition of the SI base units Elementary charge
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